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| 1754 |
| | | Scottish chemist Joseph Black identifies the existence of a gas, carbon dioxide, which he calls 'fixed air' | |
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| 1766 |
| | | English chemist Henry Cavendish isolates hydrogen but believes that it is phlogiston | |
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| 1773 |
| | | Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele isolates oxygen but does not immediately publish his achievement | |
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| 1774 |
| | | English chemist Joseph Priestley isolates oxygen, but he believes it to be 'dephlogisticated air' | |
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| 1787 |
| | | French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier publishes a system for classifying and naming chemical substances | |
|  | Antoine and Marie Lavoisier in their laboratory
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1803 |
| | | English chemist John Dalton reads a paper describing his Law of Partial Pressure in gases (discovered in 1801) | |
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| 1803 |
| | | At the end of his Partial Pressure paper, John Dalton makes brief mention of his radical theory of differing atomic weights | |
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| 1807 |
| | | English chemist Humphry Davy uses electrolysis to isolate the elements sodium and potassium | |
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| 1809 |
| | | French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac shows that when gases combine they do so in simple ratios by volume (later known as his Law of Combining Volumes) | |
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| 1811 |
| | | Italian chemist Amedeo Avogadro publishes a hypothesis, about the number of molecules in gases, that becomes known as Avogadro's Law | |
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